Cuyahoga River

Cuyahoga River

Cuyahoga River watershed with its upstream branches
Origin [1] Confluence of
East Branch Cuyahoga River[2] and
West Branch Cuyahoga River[3]
near Pond Road and Rapids Road, Burton, Geauga County, Ohio
Mouth
Lake Erie at Cleveland,
Cuyahoga County, Ohio[1]
Basin countries United States
Length 84.9 miles (136.6 km)[4]
Source elevation 1,093 feet (333.1 m) [2][3]
Mouth elevation 571 feet (174.0 m) [1]
Basin area 809 square miles (2,100 km2) [5]

The Cuyahoga River[6] ( /ˌkaɪ.əˈhɒɡə/ ky-ə-hog-ə, or /ˌkaɪ.əˈhoʊɡə/ ky-ə-hoh-gə)[7][8][9][10] is located in Northeast Ohio in the United States. Outside of Ohio, the river is most famous for being "the river that caught fire", helping to spur the environmental movement in the late 1960s. Native Americans called this winding water "Cuyahoga," which means "crooked river" in the Iroquois language.

Contents

Course

The Cuyahoga watershed begins its 100 miles (160 km) journey in Hambden, Ohio, flowing southward to the confluence of the East Branch Cuyahoga River and West Branch Cuyahoga River in Burton where the Cuyahoga River officially begins.[1] It continues on its 84.9 miles (136.6 km) journey flowing Southward to Cuyahoga Falls, where it turns sharply North and flows through the Cuyahoga Valley National Park (CUVA or CVNP) in Northern Summit County and Southern Cuyahoga County. It then flows through Independence, Valley View, Cuyahoga Heights, Newburgh Heights and Cleveland to its northern terminus, emptying into Lake Erie. The Cuyahoga River and its tributaries drain 813 square miles (2,110 km2) of land in portions of six counties.

The river is a relatively recent geological formation, formed by the advance and retreat of ice sheets during the last ice age. The final glacial retreat, which occurred 10,000–12,000 years ago, caused changes in the drainage pattern near Akron. This change in pattern caused the originally southward-flowing Cuyahoga to flow to the north. As its newly reversed currents flowed toward Lake Erie, the river carved its way around glacial debris left by the receding ice sheet, resulting in the river's winding U-shape. These meanderings stretched the length of the river (which was only 30 miles (50 km) when travelled directly) into a 100-mile (160 km) trek from its headwaters to its mouth. The depth of the river (except where noted below) ranges from 3 to 6 feet (90–180 cm).

History

Moses Cleaveland, a surveyor charged with exploring the Connecticut Western Reserve, first arrived at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River in 1796, and subsequently decided to locate a settlement there, which became Cleveland, Ohio.

The river was one of the features along which the "Greenville Treaty Line" ran beginning in 1795, per the Treaty of Greenville, effectively becoming the western boundary of the United States and remaining as such briefly.

Environmental concerns

The Cuyahoga River at one time was one of the most polluted rivers in the United States. The reach from Akron to Cleveland was devoid of fish. A Kent State University symposium, convened one year before the infamous 1969 fire, described one section of the river:

From 1,000 feet below Lower Harvard Bridge to Newburgh and South Shore Railroad Bridge, the channel becomes wider and deeper and the level is controlled by Lake Erie. Downstream of the railroad bridge to the harbor, the depth is held constant by dredging, and the width is maintained by piling along both banks. The surface is covered with the brown oily film observed upstream as far as the Southerly Plant effluent. In addition, large quantities of black heavy oil floating in slicks, sometimes several inches thick, are observed frequently. Debris and trash are commonly caught up in these slicks forming an unsightly floating mess. Anaerobic action is common as the dissolved oxygen is seldom above a fraction of a part per million. The discharge of cooling water increases the temperature by 10 to 15°F. The velocity is negligible, and sludge accumulates on the bottom. Animal life does not exist. Only the algae Oscillatoria grows along the piers above the water line.
The color changes from gray-brown to rusty brown as the river proceeds downstream. Transparency is less than 0.5 feet in this reach. This entire reach is grossly polluted.[11]

There have reportedly been at least thirteen fires on the Cuyahoga River, the first occurring in 1868.[12] The largest river fire in 1952 caused over $1 million in damage to boats and a riverfront office building.[13] Fires erupted on the river several more times before June 22, 1969, when a river fire captured the attention of Time magazine, which described the Cuyahoga as the river that "oozes rather than flows" and in which a person "does not drown but decays."[14]

The 1969 Cuyahoga River fire helped spur an avalanche of water pollution control activities resulting in the Clean Water Act, Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, and the creation of the federal Environmental Protection Agency and the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (OEPA). As a result, large point sources of pollution on the Cuyahoga have received significant attention from the OEPA in recent decades. These events are referred to in Randy Newman's 1972 song "Burn On", R.E.M.'s 1986 song "Cuyahoga", and Adam Again's 1992 song "River on Fire". Great Lakes Brewing Company of Cleveland, Ohio have named their Burning River Pale Ale after the event. During the Gulf Oil Spill of May 2010, New York Times economist and Nobel Laureate Paul Krugman referred to the Cuyahoga fire as the start of “environmentalism”.[15]

Water quality has improved and, partially in recognition of this improvement, the Cuyahoga River was designated as one of 14 American Heritage Rivers in 1998.[16] Despite these efforts pollution continues to exist in the Cuyahoga River due to other sources of pollution, including urban runoff, nonpoint source problems, combined sewer overflows,[17] and stagnation due to water impounded by dams. For this reason, the Environmental Protection Agency classified portions of the Cuyahoga River Watershed as one of 43 Great Lakes Areas of Concern. The most polluted portions of the river now generally meet established aquatic life water quality standards except near dam impoundments. The reasons for not meeting standards near the dam pools are habitat and fish passage issues rather than water quality. River reaches that were once devoid of fish now support 44 species. The most recent survey in 2008 revealed the two most common species in the river were Hogsuckers and Spotfin Shiners, both moderately sensitive to water quality. Habitat issues within the 5.6 miles (9.0 km) navigation channel still preclude a robust fishery in that reach. Recreation water quality standards (using bacteria as indicators) are generally met during dry weather conditions, but are often exceeded during significant rains due to non-point sources and combined sewer overflows.

Modifications

The lower Cuyahoga River has been subjected to numerous changes. Originally, the Cuyahoga river met Lake Erie approximately 4,000 feet (1.2 km) west of its current mouth, forming a shallow marsh. The current mouth is man-made, and it lies just west of present-day downtown Cleveland, which allows shipping traffic to flow freely between the river and the lake. Additionally, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers periodically dredges the navigation channel of the otherwise shallow river to a depth of 27 feet (8.2 m), along the river's lower 5 miles (8.0 km), from its mouth up to the Mittal Steel Cleveland Works steel mills, to accommodate Great Lakes freighter traffic which serves the bulk (asphalt, gravel, petroleum, salt, steel, and other) industries located along the lower Cuyahoga River banks in Cleveland's Flats district. The Corps of Engineers has also straightened river banks and widened turning basins in the Federal Navigation Channel on the lower Cuyahoga River to facilitate maritime operations.

Ice-breaking

The United States Coast Guard sometimes conducts fall and spring ice-breaking operations along Lake Erie and the lower Cuyahoga River to prolong the Great Lakes shipping season, depending on shipping schedules and weather conditions.

Flooding

Some attempts (including dams and dredging) have been made to control flooding along the Cuyahoga River basin. As a result of speculative land development, buildings have been erected on many flat areas that are only a few feet above normal river levels. Sudden strong rain or snow storms can create severe flooding in these low-lying areas.

The upper Cuyahoga River, starting at 1,093 feet (333 m) over 84 miles (135 km) from its mouth, drops in elevation fairly steeply, creating falls and rapids in some places; the lower Cuyahoga River only drops several feet along the last several miles of the lower river to 571 feet (174 m)[1] at the mouth on Lake Erie, resulting in relatively slow moving waters that can take a while to drain compared to the upper Cuyahoga River.

Elevation at confluence points
River Mile: Elevation: Tributary:
1,235 miles (1,988 km)
  
 571 feet (174 m) Mouth: at Lake Erie
4.46 miles (7.18 km)
  
 581 feet (177 m) Kingsbury Run (Cuyahoga River)
5.345 miles (8.602 km)
  
 577 feet (176 m) Burk Branch (Cuyahoga River)
7.2 miles (11.6 km)
  
 577 feet (176 m) Big Creek (Cuyahoga River)
11.12 miles (17.90 km)
  
 591 feet (180 m) West Creek (Cuyahoga River)
11.4 miles (18.3 km)
  
 587 feet (179 m) Mill Creek (Cuyahoga River)
16.36 miles (26.33 km)
  
 610 feet (190 m) Tinkers Creek (Cuyahoga River)
18.08 miles (29.10 km)
  
 from Willow Lake; downstream from Ohio and Erie Canal dam
20.88 miles (33.60 km)
  
 627 feet (191 m) Chippewa Creek (Cuyahoga River)
24.16 miles (38.88 km)
  
 636 feet (194 m) Brandywine Creek (Cuyahoga River)
25.72 miles (41.39 km)
  
 646 feet (197 m) Stanford Run
28.98 miles (46.64 km)
  
 676 feet (206 m) Boston Run (Cuyahoga River)
31.47 miles (50.65 km)
  
 699 feet (213 m) Langes Run
33.08 miles (53.24 km)
  
 709 feet (216 m) Furnace Run (Cuyahoga River)
37.16 miles (59.80 km)
  
 728 feet (222 m) Yellow Creek (Cuyahoga River)
39.78 miles (64.02 km)
  
 738 feet (225 m) Mud Brook (Cuyahoga River)
42.27 miles (68.03 km)
  
 758 feet (231 m) Little Cuyahoga River
45.8 miles (73.7 km)
  
 840 feet (260 m) Gorge Metropolitan Park Dam
49.9 miles (80.3 km)
  
 1,007 feet (307 m) Cuyahoga Falls Low Head Dam
52.1 miles (83.8 km)
  
 1,004 feet (306 m) Fish Creek (Cuyahoga River)
53.7 miles (86.4 km)
  
 1,010 feet (310 m) Plum Creek (Cuyahoga River)
56.8 miles (91.4 km)
  
 1,027 feet (313 m) Breakneck Creek (Cuyahoga River)
57.97 miles (93.29 km)
  
 1,063 feet (324 m) Lake Rockwell Dam
59.95 miles (96.48 km)
  
 1,070 feet (330 m) Eckert Ditch (Cuyahoga River)
63.45 miles (102.11 km)
  
 1,109 feet (338 m) Yoder Ditch
66.33 miles (106.75 km)
  
 1,096 feet (334 m) Harper Ditch (Cuyahoga River)
68.98 miles (111.01 km)
  
71.63 miles (115.28 km)
  
 No data
74.29 miles (119.56 km)
  
76.64 miles (123.34 km)
  
 1,010 feet (310 m) Black Creek (Cuyahoga River)
79.15 miles (127.38 km)
  
 1,093 feet (333 m) Sawyer Brook (Cuyahoga River)
83.29 miles (134.04 km)
  
 1,122 feet (342 m) Bridge Creek (Cuyahoga River)
84.9 miles (136.6 km)
  
 1,093 feet (333 m) Source: East and West Branch Cuyahoga River
Cuyahoga River-tributary confluence elevations by River miles

Some tributary elevations above are higher than the Cuyahoga River elevation, because of small waterfalls at or near their confluences; and distances are measured in "river miles" along the river's length from its mouth on Lake Erie.

Dams

Ohio and Erie Canal diversion dam

The Brecksville DamB[›] at river mile 20 is the first dam upstream of Lake Erie. It impacts fish populations by restricting fish passage.[18] The EPA is currently attempting to shut down and remove the dam. [19]

Gorge Metropolitan Park Dam

The largest dam is the Gorge Metropolitan Park Dam, also known as the FirstEnergy Dam, on the border between Cuyahoga Falls and Akron. This 57-foot dam has for over 90 years submerged the falls for which the City of Cuyahoga Falls was named; more to the point of water quality, it has created a large stagnant pool with low dissolved oxygen.[20]

The FirstEnergy Dam was built by the Northern Ohio Traction & Light Co. in 1912 to serve the dual functions of generating hydropower for its local streetcar system and providing cooling-water storage for a coal-burning power plant; however, the hydropower operation was discontinued in 1958, and the coal-burning plant was decommissioned in 1991.[21] Some environmental groups (including American Rivers and Friends of the Crooked River) and recreational groups (including the Cleveland-based Keel-haulers Canoe Club and American Whitewater) want the dam removed.[22] Others contend that such an effort would be expensive and complicated, for at least two reasons: first, the formerly hollow dam was filled in with concrete in the early 1990s, and second, because of the industrial history of Cuyahoga Falls, the sediment upstream of the dam is expected to contain hazardous chemicals, possibly including heavy metals and PCBs. The Ohio EPA estimates that removal of the dam would cost $5–10 million, and removal of the contaminated sediments $60 million.[23] The dam is licensed through 2041.

Advanced Hydro Solutions (AHS), a company based in Fairlawn, Ohio, filed a notice of intent to utilize the dam to generate hydropower. The company contends that hydropower is a cleaner source of power and that the emissions saved by the plant will be the equivalent of taking 10,000 cars off the road.[23] Citing concerns with erosion, dewatering of the scenic river reach below the dam, and use that is inconsistent with the Gorge MetroPark's purpose, opponents to this plan include, in addition to environmental and recreational groups, some governmental agencies, including Metro Parks, Serving Summit County, the U.S. Department of the Interior, and the Ohio EPA. At public meetings held on July 27, 2005, the proposed project, which would generate enough electricity to power 2000 homes, encountered substantial opposition. On May 25, 2007, AHS suffered a setback in its effort to develop the site. The United States Court of Appeals for the sixth circuit denied its application to conduct tests at the site, refusing to overturn a lower court's ruling that the MetroParks had the right to deny AHS access to conduct the tests.[24] In a letter dated June 14, 2007, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) terminated AHS's application for the Integrated Licensing Permit without prejudice, citing the company's failure to adhere to strict timelines. FERC will allow AHS to re-file if it can conduct the required studies and move forward with the project.[25][26] The final decision from the FERC on the project is due in July 2009.[23] On June 12, 2009, AHS dropped its permit and terminated the project.[27]

Dams in Cuyahoga Falls

Two dams in Cuyahoga Falls, the Sheraton and LeFever Dams, are scheduled for demolition in mid-2012. This is the result of an agreement between the City of Cuyahoga Falls, which owns the dams, and the Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District (NEORSD), which will provide $1 million of funding to remove the dams. As part of the project, a water trail will be developed.[28] This will bring about a mile of the river back to its natural state, and remove 35 feet of structures--exposing an equivalent quantity of whitewater for recreation.

Munroe Falls Dam

Two other dams, in Kent and in Munroe Falls, though smaller, have had an even greater impact on water quality due to the lower gradient in their respective reaches. For this reason, the Ohio EPA required the communities to mitigate the effects of the dams.

The Munroe Falls Dam was modified in 2005.[29] Work on this project uncovered a natural waterfall.[30] Given this new knowledge about the riverbed, some interested parties, including Summit County, campaigned for complete removal of the dam. The revised plan, initially denied on September 20, 2005, was approved by the Munroe Falls City Council on September 27, 2005. The dam, constructed of sandstone blocks, has been removed, replacing an 11.5-foot dam with a natural ledge which is 4.5 feet high at its maximum drop.[31][32]

Kent Dam

The Kent Dam was bypassed in 2004.[33]

Lists

Variant names

According to the United States Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System, the Cuyahoga River has also been known as:[1]

  • Cajahage River
  • Cayagaga River
  • Cayahoga River
  • Cayhahoga River
  • Cayohoga River
  • Cujahaga River
  • Cuyohaga River
  • Gichawaga Creek
  • Goyahague River
  • Gwahago River
  • River de Saguin
  • Rivière Blanche
  • Rivière à Seguin
  • Saguin River
  • Yashahia
  • Cayahaga River
  • Cayanhoga River
  • Cayhoga River
  • Coyahoga River
  • Cuahoga River
  • Guyahoga River
  • Gwahoga River
  • Kiahagoh River
  • White River[34]

Dams

Dams on the Cuyahoga River
RM
C[›][35]		 Coordinates
 Elevation
 Locality
 County
 Description
20.71
[36]		 [37] Ohio and Erie Canal diversion dam, built 1825-1827
upstream from SR 82 Chippewa Road-West Aurora Road bridge,
downstream from Station Road-Bridle Trail bridge
45.8
[36]		 [38] 840 feet (260 m)[38] Summit Gorge Metropolitan Park Dam, built in 1912,
upstream from SR 8 North Main Street-State Road bridge,
downstream from SR 59 Front Street bridge
49.9
[36][39]		 [40] 1,007 feet (307 m)[40] Cuyahoga Falls Summit Cuyahoga Falls Low Head Dam,
upstream from Portage Trail bridge,
downstream from SR 8/SR 59 bridge
54.8
[39]		 [41] Kent Portage Kent dam,
upstream from SR 59/SR 43 Haymaker Parkway bridge,
immediately downstream from West Main Street bridge
57.97
[4]		 [42] 1,063 feet (324 m)[42] Franklin Township Portage Lake Rockwell Dam,
upstream from Ravenna Road bridge,
downstream from SR 14 Cleveland-East Liverpool Road bridge

Tributaries

Generally, rivers are larger than creeks, which are larger than brooks, which are larger than runs. Runs may be dry except during or after a rain, at which point they can flash flood and be torrential.

Default is standard order from mouth to upstream:A[›]

Tributaries on the Cuyahoga River
RM
[35]		 Coordinates
 Elevation
 Tributary
 Municipality
 County
 Description
[43] 577 feet (176 m)[43] Old River (Cuyahoga River) Cleveland Cuyahoga near Division Avenue/River Road
4.46
[36]		 [44] 581 feet (177 m)[44] Kingsbury Run (Cuyahoga River) Cuyahoga near Independence Road and Rockefeller Avenue
5.05
[36]		 [45] 581 feet (177 m)[45] Morgan Run (Cuyahoga River) Cuyahoga near Independence Road and Pershing Avenue
5.29-5.4
[36]		 [46] 577 feet (176 m)[46] Burk Branch (Cuyahoga River) Cuyahoga near CW steel mill
7.2
[36]		 [47] 577 feet (176 m)[47] Big Creek (Cuyahoga River) Cuyahoga near Jennings Road, Harvard Avenue and Valley Road
10.84-11.4
[36]		 [48] 591 feet (180 m)[48] West Creek (Cuyahoga River) Cuyahoga near SR-17 Granger Road, Valley Belt Road, and I-77
11.4
[36]		 [49] 587 feet (179 m)[49] Mill Creek (Cuyahoga River) Cuyahoga near Canal Road and Warner Road
16.36
[36]		 [50] 610 feet (190 m)[50] Tinkers Creek (Cuyahoga River) Cuyahoga,
Summit
and
Portage		 near Canal Road and Tinkers Creek Road
18.08 0 feet (0 m) from Willow Lake
20.88
[36]		 [51] 627 feet (191 m)[51] Chippewa Creek (Cuyahoga River) Cuyahoga
and
Summit		 near Chippewa Creek Drive and Riverview Road
24.16
[36]		 [52] 636 feet (194 m)[52] Brandywine Creek (Cuyahoga River) Summit near Highland Road
25.72
[36]		 [53] 646 feet (197 m)[53] Stanford Run Summit near Stanford Road
[54] 650 feet (200 m)[54] Grannys Run (Cuyahoga River) Summit near Boston Mills Road and Riverview Road
28.79
[36]		 [55] 689 feet (210 m)[55] Slipper Run Summit near SR-303 Main Street/West Streetsboro Road and Riverview Road
28.98
[36]		 [56] 676 feet (206 m)[56] Boston Run (Cuyahoga River) Summit near East Mill Street and West Mill Street
29.24
[36]		 Peninsula Creek Summit
29.82
[36]		 [57] 689 feet (210 m)[57] Haskell Run Summit near Akron-Peninsula Road
30.26
[36]		 [58] 692 feet (211 m)[58] Salt Run (Cuyahoga River) Summit near Akron-Peninsula Road and Truxell Road
30.66
[36]		 [59] 699 feet (213 m)[59] Dickerson Run (Cuyahoga River) Summit near
31.47
[36]		 [60] 699 feet (213 m)[60] Langes Run Summit
32.3
[36]		 [61] 709 feet (216 m)[61] Robinson Run (Cuyahoga River) Summit
33.08
[36][62]		 [63] 709 feet (216 m)[63] Furnace Run (Cuyahoga River) Summit
and
Cuyahoga
37.16
[36]		 [64] 728 feet (222 m)[64] Yellow Creek (Cuyahoga River) Summit
and
Medina
37.26
[36]		 [65] 728 feet (222 m)[65] Woodward Creek (Cuyahoga River) Summit
39.12
[36]		 [66] 738 feet (225 m)[66] Sand Run (Cuyahoga River) Summit
39.78
[36]		 [67] 738 feet (225 m)[67] Mud Brook (Cuyahoga River) Summit
42.27
[36]		 [68] 758 feet (231 m)[68] Little Cuyahoga River Summit
52.1
[39]		 [69] 1,004 feet (306 m)[69] Fish Creek (Cuyahoga River) Stow Summit
and
Portage		 near North River Road between Marsh Road and Verner Road
53.7
[39]		 [70] 1,010 feet (310 m)[70] Plum Creek (Cuyahoga River) Kent Portage near Cherry Street and Mogadore Road
56.8
[39]		 [71] 1,027 feet (313 m)[71] Breakneck Creek (Cuyahoga River) Kent/Franklin Township border Portage near River Bend Boulevard and Beechwold Drive
57.6[39]-57.97
[4]		 Twin Lakes Outlet
59.95
[4]		 [72] 1,070 feet (330 m)[72] Eckert Ditch (Cuyahoga River) Portage
63.45
[4]		 [73] 1,109 feet (338 m)[73] Yoder Ditch Portage
65.19
[4]		 Bollingbrook, Portage
66.33
[4]		 [74] 1,096 feet (334 m)[74] Harper Ditch (Cuyahoga River) Portage
76.64
[4]		 [75] 1,010 feet (310 m)[75] Black Creek (Cuyahoga River) Portage near SR-700 Welshfield Limaville Road between SR-254 Pioneer Trail and CR-224 Hankee Road
79.15
[4]		 [76] 1,093 feet (333 m)[76] Sawyer Brook (Cuyahoga River) Geauga near Main Market Road US-422 and Claridon Troy Road
83.29
[4]		 [77] 1,122 feet (342 m)[77] Bridge Creek (Cuyahoga River) Geauga
84.9
[4]		 [3] 1,093 feet (333 m)[3] West Branch Cuyahoga River Geauga
84.9
[4]		 [2] 1,093 feet (333 m)[2] East Branch Cuyahoga River Geauga
and
Lake

See also

Notes

^ A: In terms of "importance":

  • Little Cuyahoga River and West Branch Cuyahoga River articles,
  • followed by the other creeks going from mouth to upstream.

Remember to ensure disambiguity of a name (i.e. search GNIS) before creating a new article. There are Wikipedia articles for Brandywine Creek (Cuyahoga River) and Tinkers Creek (Cuyahoga River). NOTE: GNIS and County reference links for Tributary articles to be written.
^ B: Ohio and Erie Canal diversion dame is located under the Ohio State Route 82 bridge over the Cuyahoga River valley.
^ C: RM stands for "River Mile" and refers to the method used by federal and state government agencies to identify locations along a water body. Mileage is defined as the lineal distance from the downstream terminus (i.e. mouth) and moving in an upstream direction.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f "Cuyahoga River". Geographic Names Information System, U.S. Geological Survey. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1072205. Retrieved 2009-05-03. 
  2. ^ a b c d "East Branch Cuyahoga River". Geographic Names Information System, U.S. Geological Survey. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1039938. Retrieved 2009-05-03. 
  3. ^ a b c d "West Branch Cuyahoga River". Geographic Names Information System, U.S. Geological Survey. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1067043. Retrieved 2009-05-03. 
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Upper Cuyahoga River Watershed TMDLs Figure 2. Schematic Representation of the Upper Cuyahoga Watershed" (PDF). Ohio EPA. http://www.epa.state.oh.us/dsw/tmdl/upCuy_final_090304.pdf. 
  5. ^ "Map of Ohio watersheds" (GIF). Ohio Department of Natural Resources. http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/water/watersheds/Basins72PDI_40x40_OnScreen.gif. 
  6. ^ United States Geological Survey Hydrological Unit Code: 04-11-00-02
  7. ^ Feran, Tom (2004-02-13). "Shooing the hog out of Cuyahoga". The Plain Dealer. http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_action=doc&p_topdoc=1&p_docnum=1&p_sort=YMD_date:D&p_product=NewsBank&p_text_direct-0=document_id=(%20100B6B280DC46277%20)&p_docid=100B6B280DC46277&p_theme=aggregated5&p_queryname=100B6B280DC46277&f_openurl=yes&p_nbid=E5DN55ITMTE5OTkxMTg3NC41MzY1NTE6MToxMzo2Ni4yMTMuNDEuMTQy&&p_multi=CPDB. 
  8. ^ Feran, Tom (2006-06-02). "It's a Cleveland thing, so to speak". The Plain Dealer. http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_action=doc&p_topdoc=1&p_docnum=1&p_sort=YMD_date:D&p_product=NewsBank&p_text_direct-0=document_id=(%20112043416CC2CD20%20)&p_docid=112043416CC2CD20&p_theme=aggregated5&p_queryname=112043416CC2CD20&f_openurl=yes&p_nbid=F58P50SOMTE5OTkxMjUxOS4yOTM5NjU6MToxMzo2Ni4yMTMuNDEuMTQy&&p_multi=CPDB. 
  9. ^ Siegel, Robert; Block, Melissa (2009-06-23). "Letters: Cuyahoga River". All Things Considered (National Public Radio). http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=105828999. Retrieved 2009-06-23. 
  10. ^ McIntyre, Michael K. (2009-06-28). "How to pronounce 'Cuyahoga' turns into a national debate: Tipoff". The Plain Dealer. http://www.cleveland.com/tipoff/index.ssf/2009/06/how_to_pronounce_cuyahoga_turn.html. Retrieved 2009-06-29. 
  11. ^ "The Cuyahoga River Watershed: Proceedings of a symposium commemorating the dedication of Cunningham Hall." Kent State University, 1 November 1968.
  12. ^ Adler, Jonathan H. (2003). "Fables of the Cuyahoga: Reconstructing a History of Environmental Protection." Fordham Environmental Law Journal, Vol. XIV, p. 89.
  13. ^ "Cuyahoga River Area of Concern". Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/aoc/cuyahoga.html. 
  14. ^ "The Cities: The Price of Optimism, 1969-08-01.". Time (magazine). 1969-08-01. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901182,00.html. Retrieved 2010-04-30. 
  15. ^ Krugman, Paul (2 May 2010). "Drilling, Disaster, Denial". The New York Times. New York City: The New York Times Company. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/03/opinion/03krugman.html. Retrieved 2011-02-22 
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  46. ^ a b "Burk Branch". Geographic Names Information System, U.S. Geological Survey. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1066620. Retrieved 2009-05-03. 
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  48. ^ a b "West Creek". Geographic Names Information System, U.S. Geological Survey. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1068339. Retrieved 2009-05-03. 
  49. ^ a b "Mill Creek". Geographic Names Information System, U.S. Geological Survey. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1043317. Retrieved 2009-05-03. 
  50. ^ a b "Tinkers Creek". Geographic Names Information System, U.S. Geological Survey. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1067011. Retrieved 2009-05-03. 
  51. ^ a b "Chippewa Creek". Geographic Names Information System, U.S. Geological Survey. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1066646. Retrieved 2009-05-03. 
  52. ^ a b "Brandywine Creek". Geographic Names Information System, U.S. Geological Survey. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1066599. Retrieved 2009-05-03. 
  53. ^ a b "Stanford Run". Geographic Names Information System, U.S. Geological Survey. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1066347. Retrieved 2009-05-03. 
  54. ^ a b "Grannys Run". Geographic Names Information System, U.S. Geological Survey. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1067318. Retrieved 2009-05-03. 
  55. ^ a b "Slipper Run". Geographic Names Information System, U.S. Geological Survey. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1066968. Retrieved 2009-05-03. 
  56. ^ a b "Boston Run". Geographic Names Information System, U.S. Geological Survey. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1038208. Retrieved 2009-05-03. 
  57. ^ a b "Haskell Run". Geographic Names Information System, U.S. Geological Survey. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1066742. Retrieved 2009-05-03. 
  58. ^ a b "Salt Run". Geographic Names Information System, U.S. Geological Survey. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1066941. Retrieved 2009-05-03. 
  59. ^ a b "Dickerson Run". Geographic Names Information System, U.S. Geological Survey. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1039702. Retrieved 2009-05-03. 
  60. ^ a b "Langes Run". Geographic Names Information System, U.S. Geological Survey. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1042417. Retrieved 2009-05-03. 
  61. ^ a b "Robinson Run". Geographic Names Information System, U.S. Geological Survey. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1045102. Retrieved 2009-05-03. 
  62. ^ "Furnace Run". Cuyahoga River Community Planning Organization. http://www.crcpo.org/FurnaceRun/FurnaceRun.html. 
  63. ^ a b "Furnace Run". Geographic Names Information System, U.S. Geological Survey. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1040734. Retrieved 2009-05-03. 
  64. ^ a b "Yellow Creek". Geographic Names Information System, U.S. Geological Survey. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1048184. Retrieved 2009-05-03. 
  65. ^ a b "Woodward Creek". Geographic Names Information System, U.S. Geological Survey. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1067068. Retrieved 2009-05-03. 
  66. ^ a b "Sand Run". Geographic Names Information System, U.S. Geological Survey. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1045940. Retrieved 2009-05-03. 
  67. ^ a b "Mud Brook (Cuyahoga River)". Geographic Names Information System, U.S. Geological Survey. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1066851. Retrieved 2009-05-03. 
  68. ^ a b "Little Cuyahoga River". Geographic Names Information System, U.S. Geological Survey. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1066802. Retrieved 2009-05-03. 
  69. ^ a b "Fish Creek (Cuyahoga River)". Geographic Names Information System, U.S. Geological Survey. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1040464. Retrieved 2009-05-03. 
  70. ^ a b "Plum Creek". Geographic Names Information System, U.S. Geological Survey. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1044637. Retrieved 2009-05-03. 
  71. ^ a b "Breakneck Creek (Cuyahoga River)". Geographic Names Information System, U.S. Geological Survey. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1066600. Retrieved 2009-05-03. 
  72. ^ a b "Eckert Ditch (Cuyahoga River)". Geographic Names Information System, U.S. Geological Survey. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1040065. Retrieved 2009-05-03. 
  73. ^ a b "Yoder Ditch". Geographic Names Information System, U.S. Geological Survey. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1048202. Retrieved 2009-05-03. 
  74. ^ a b "Harper Ditch (Cuyahoga River)". Geographic Names Information System, U.S. Geological Survey. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1041347. Retrieved 2009-05-03. 
  75. ^ a b "Black Creek". Geographic Names Information System, U.S. Geological Survey. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1066585. Retrieved 2009-05-03. 
  76. ^ a b "Sawyer Brook". Geographic Names Information System, U.S. Geological Survey. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1045985. Retrieved 2009-05-03. 
  77. ^ a b "Bridge Creek". Geographic Names Information System, U.S. Geological Survey. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1038301. Retrieved 2009-05-03. 

General references

External links

Rivers